29, 391393. Not all areas infested by broomrape are suitable for efficient solarization. doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.18.090180.002335, Musselman, L. J., and Dickison, W. C. (1975). doi: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0243.x, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Basso, S., Rubiales, D., and Evidente, A. doi: 10.1139/B10-057, Lechat, M. M., Brun, G., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., Simier, P., Thoiron, S., et al. Correlated evolution of life history and host range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plants Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae). Biol. Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) Plants (Basel). Weed Sci. Novel approaches can increase broomrape control by fungi. parasitism on amino acid composition of carrot (Daucus carota L). in a subterranean clover pasture. Ivanovi , Marisavljevi D, Marinkovi R, Mitrovi P, Blagojevi J, Nikoli I, Pavlovi D. Plant Pathol J. Seed response to strigolactone is controlled by abscisic acid-independent DNA methylation in the obligate root parasitic plant, Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel. Interactions between the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche aegyptiaca and its tomato host: growth and biomass allocation. Close related parasitic plants of Orobanchaceae such as Striga and Triphysaria use host derived phenolic derivatives to induce haustorium differentiation (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Albrecht et al., 1999; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Accessibility Likewise, rapum is the partially . The flowers are irregularly shaped and produce single-chambered capsules that contain numerous minute seeds. Org. Bot. Marker-assisted and physiology-based breeding for resistance to root parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 369391. Hydrogen peroxide generated by parasitic radicles activates host peroxidases that catalyze the conversion of host cell walls into haustorium-inducing quinones (Keyes et al., 2000, 2007). The first function of haustorium is as adhesion organ to host root surface mediated by a papillae cell layer; (E) adhesion to the root 3 days after germination induction; (F) upon vascular connection with the host, broomape initiates the development of the tubercle, the broomrape storage organ for host-derived nutrients. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr031, Nandula, V. K., Foster, J. G., and Foy, C. L. (2000). Sholmer-Ilan, A. doi: 10.1614/WS-D-11-00120.1, Eizenberg, H., Colquhoun, J. Nature 435, 824827. Plant Microbe Interact. This effect may not be applicable to those broomrape species with preference for classes of germination-inducing factors other than strigolactones (Joel et al., 2011; Auger et al., 2012). Biol. Effect of Brassica campestris var. B., Delavault, P., Chaibi, W., and Simier, P. (2010). The attachment organ of the parasitic angiosperms Orobanche cumana and O. aegyptiaca and its development. 33, 787793. Striga seed avoidance by deep planting and no-tillage in sorghum and maize. During the host penetration process, broomrape does not dissolve the host cells in its way toward vascular cylinder. The majority of broomrape species are botanical wonders parasitizing wild host plants in natural ecosystems. 122, 275281. B., Thoiron, S., Leduc, N., et al. Crop Prot. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. Recognition of root exudates by seeds of broomrape (Orobanche and Phelipanche) species. Weed Sci. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1989.tb01310.x, Schneeweiss, G. M. (2007). Broomrapes produce little or no chlorophyll; instead, they draw nourishment from the roots of other plants by means of small suckers called haustoria. The terminal haustorium develops at the apex of the seedling radicle upon host recognition (Musselman, 1980; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. subtilis are promising biocontrol agents targeting the growth of broomrape radicles (Barghouthi and Salman, 2010). 53, 1927. Ilustration of broomrape life stages and mechanisms of control. 49, 67. Induced disease resistance mediated by endogenous salicylic acid (SA) also described as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induces hypersensitive responses in many plant species against fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. doi: 10.1051/agro:2003016, Rubiales, D., Prez-de-Luque, A., Joel, D. M., Alcantara, C., and Sillero, J. C. (2003b). 50, 277279. Sources of resistance to crenate broomrape among species of Vicia. Broomrape tubercles accumulate host-derived nitrogen in the form of either arginine or in the arginine and aspartate pair (Nandula et al., 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). Each broomrape species show specificity not only for root exudates in order to germinate but also for host species to invade and feed on, being the germination-stimulatory range usually broader than the actual host range (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b). doi: 10.1094/PD-89-0023, Singh, A., and Singh, M. (1993). A. C. Verkleij, and S. C. ter Borg (Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute), 146156. Afr. Hamamouch, N., Westwood, J. H., Banner, I., Cramer, C. L., Gepstein, S., and Aly, R. (2005). Jan 07, 2016. scott lewis fox 2 detroit. Although some examples of successful control do exist for some crops, the majority of commercially available control methods are either not fully effective or not applicable to many of the affected crops, especially in the case of low-input crops (Joel, 2000). -. July 4, 2022 July 4, 2022. (1997). in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) germplasm. Plant 43, 304317. Physiol. (2002). The biological activity of AC-94, 377 [1-(3-chlorophthalimido)-cyclohexane-arboxamide]. (2014). Analysis of resistance criteria of sunflower recombined inbred lines against Orobanche cumana Wallr. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00594-3, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (1993). Weed Res. Ann. Technol. J. Agric. Activity of some nitrogen assimilating enzymes has been reported low in broomrapes. (2001). Keyes, W. J., Palmer, A. G., Erbil, W. K., Taylor, J. V., Apkarian, R. P., Weeks, E. R., et al. Dry matter production and partitioning in the host-parasite association Vicia fabaOrobanche crenata. 60, 641650. Bot. Haustorium allows broomrape to attack crops by successive functions, first as host-adhesion organ, and subsequently as invasive organ toward host vascular system where finally establishes vascular continuity allowing the parasite to withdraw water and nutrients from the host (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Joel, 2013). doi: 10.1080/09583150903340544, Barker, E. R., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Quick, W. P. (1996). Plant Pathol. Bot. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00137-5, Ahonsi, M. O., Berner, D. K., Emechebe, A. M., Lagoke, S. T., and Sangina, N. (2003). Induction of phenolic compounds in pea (Pisum sativum L.) inoculated by Rhizobium leguminosarum and infected with Orobanche crenata. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide has been proved one of the most effective methods to eradicate broomrape seed bank, but this chemical has been banned from use due to its toxic effects on the environment (Joel, 2000; Hershenhorn et al., 2009). The development of the solutions has usually not been conducted to their end so that many potential ways of controlling broomrape are not on the market. Control of Egyptian Broomrape in Processing Tomato: A Summary of 20 Years of Research and Successful Implementation. 2021 Apr 11;10(4):746. doi: 10.3390/plants10040746. Hortic. TABLE 1. doi: 10.1021/jf504609w, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Avolio, F., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., Yoneyama, K., et al. (1969). (2000). (2014). doi: 10.1021/jf904247k, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Melck, D. (2011). 50, 262268. This parasite extracts all its nutrients at the host's expense so that host-parasite trophic relationships are crucial to determine host and parasite growth. Bot. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcn236. Crop Prot. american fidelity accident insurance. Effects of environmental factors on dormancy and germination of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Although these industry efforts are important, the most effective means to control the spread of this pest is active concern for the presence of this weed in processing tomato fields, Bagley said. Sci. Ann. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.12.003. This gene remains silenced during conditioning phase and its activation occurs mediated by host-encoded germination stimulants, i.e., strigolactones, only after the conditioning phase is complete. 7:135. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00135. Reviewed in Joel et al. Ecosyst. Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. The role of strigolactones in host specificity of Orobanche and Phelipanche seed germination. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2003.09.013, Labrousse, P., Arnaud, M. C., Seryes, H., Berville, A., and Thalouarn, P. (2001). Accordingly, broomrape seed conditioning induces a decrease in ABA levels (Chae et al., 2004; Lechat et al., 2012) and GA synthesis (Joel et al., 1991; Zehhar et al., 2002). They are exuded by the crop to the rhizosphere under nutrient deficient conditions in order to promote symbiotic interactions (Akiyama et al., 2005). Agronomie 21, 757765. We are trying to hedge our bets, in terms of registering something we can use on tomatoes.. Syst. Synthetic analogs of growth regulators can be successfully used to reduce parasitism by hampering the synchronization of the parasitic seed bank with the growth of the host. Besides the difficulty of selectively controlling broomrape in the form of host-attached parasite, eradication of broomrape seed bank is extremely difficult due to prolific production of parasitic seeds, their easy dispersal, physiological dormancy, seed longevity, and germination synchronized with specialized range of host cultivation. Food Chem. Often secondary infections by fungi cause early death of broomrape shoots or limit the development of flowers and ovules (Klein and Kroschel, 2002). Structure and function of natural and synthetic signaling molecules in parasitic weed germination. doi: 10.1007/s00425-011-1568-8, Yoneyama, K., Xie, X., Kusumoto, D., Sekimoto, H., Sugimoto, Y., Takeuchi, Y., et al. It is not difficult to imagine many cases in which parents could be motivated to experiment with such biotechnology in an effort to control a child's loving feelings. Target-site resistances have been successfully developed in crops either by classical breeding such as sunflower, by screening mutagenized crop populations such as the case of oilseed rape or by transgenic techniques such as tomato, tobacco, carrots, and oilseed rape (Joel et al., 1995; Aviv et al., 2002; Slavov et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2005). Bot. However, in other broomrape-crop associations the damage induced by broomrape extends beyond assimilate diversion. Instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. Agron. Mol. Manschadi, A. M., Kroschel, J., and Sauerborn, J. Zwanenburg, B., Mwakaboko, A. S., Reizelman, A., Anilkuma, G., and Sethumadhavan, D. (2009). Nutrients influence the crop-parasite pre-attached interaction in several ways. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Parasitic plants probably evolved to recruit plant defense molecules as host recognition cues (Atsatt, 1977; Matvienko et al., 2001; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Scientists Dr Chris Thorogood at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden, and Dr Fred Rumsey at London's Natural History Museum have just described a new form of a strange parasitic 'vampire' plant known as 'common broomrape'. B., Pron, T., Gauthier, M., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., et al. 47, 452460. Reda, F. (2006). Curr. An alternative to the selective use of herbicides when target-site resistance is not available for a specific crop is the touchy use of repeated applications of non-selective herbicidal doses to promote sublethal effects for the crop but lethal effects to the initial stages of post-attached parasitism (Foy et al., 1989). Evaluation of the pathogenicity of microorganisms isolated from Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Israel. Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1002/ps.1739, Sarosh, B. R., Sivaramakrishnan, S., and Shetty, H. S. (2005). Food Chem. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00609.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A. High osmotic potential in roots and drop in amino acid levels in the phloem has been reported in tolerant varieties of faba bean in response to broomrape parasitism. Longevity of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) seed under soil and laboratory conditions. Resistance and avoidance against Orobanche crenata in pea (Pisum spp.) Because parasitic weeds require host encoded molecules to stimulate the initiation of parasitism both at the level of seed germination and haustorium initiation, breeding for low-inducers genotypes of those processes are obvious targets for resistance (Yoder and Scholes, 2010). doi: 10.1111/nph.12692, Logan, D., and Stewart, G. R. (1995). doi: 10.1023/A:1015654429456. Thats what the Israelis do; they went from 70 percent yield losses to very modest losses they can live with.. Biol. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2004.2221. The Broomrape family comprises more than 2000 species of annual and perennial herbs or shrubs, nearly all of which are parasitic on the roots of other plants. (2010). Plant Physiol. Ann. Orobanche species in Sudan: history, distribution and management. (1992). doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.038, Mauromicale, G., Lo Monaco, A., and Longo, M. G. A. One could even imagine situation (2004). 47, 153159. Epub 2018 Jul 3. As the broomrape seeds are long-lived and difficult to detect, infested fields are usually quarantined to prevent further spread. The transfer of nutrients from host to broomrape is performed through a continuous vascular system at the host-parasite interface. Gene expression analysis could be indicating that parasitic plants down-regulate their synthesis of strigolactones at the end of conditioning period, and perhaps the creation of that internal deficit for broomrape-encoded strigolactones contributes to the broomrape sensitivity for external, host-derived strigolactones at the time of host detection (Das et al., 2015). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00100-9, Joel, D. M. (2009). Joel, D. M. (2013). doi: 10.1614/P2002-151, Rubiales, D., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Prez-de-Luque, A., Castillejo, M. A., Prats, E., Sillero, J., et al. Successful broomrape control should target the underground broomrapes at their earlier life stages, prior attachment or as soon as it attach to the host, because of their highest vulnerability at those stages and the avoidance of yield loss in the current crop. Were trying to get a relatively low rate of material into the crop, high enough to kill the parasitic weed but low enough to not damage the crop, Hanson said. Fertilization can induce soil suppressiveness to initiation of broomrape parasitism. Based on those conditions, methionine has the potential to be used as broomrape herbicide but it needs to be confirmed and its application adjusted to real field conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis decreases strigolactone production in tomato. 42 5760. 56, 574581. Positive regulation: (1) production by each flower scape of hundreds of thousands of seeds able to survive in the soil for more than 10 years; (2) production by the host plant of strigolactones or glucosinolates that stimulate seed germination (blue arrows). Natural metabolites for parasitic weed management. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Possible involvement of gibberellins and ethylene in Orobanche ramosa germination. Soil herbigation (saturating the soil with herbicides such as sulfonylureas) effectively controls preattached stages of broomrapes (Hershenhorn et al., 2009) but is hardly compatible with other agricultural cropping practices as detrimental for many crop seedlings for several weeks or months. Promising new control strategies have been investigated though the majority of them are under development or remain as prototypes to which farmers have not access. Cala, A., Rial, C., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Molinillo, J. M. G., Varela, R. M., Rubiales, D., et al. Beechdrops ranges from New Brunswick west to Ontario and Missouri and south to the Gulf of Mexico. The haustorium is the key feature of plant parasitism which has evolved independently at least 11 times in angiosperms (Barkman et al., 2007; Westwood et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015). Phytoparasitica 31, 422. Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) (2009). 25, 402411. Phytochemistry 72, 624634. Cimmino A, Fernndez-Aparicio M, Andolfi A, Basso S, Rubiales D, Evidente A. J Agric Food Chem. The biology of Striga, Orobanche and other root parasitic weeds. The effects of superphosphate application, 2,4-DB and grazing on broomrape (Orobanche minor Sm.) 2014 Oct 29;62(43):10485-92. doi: 10.1021/jf504609w. glycinea induce ethylene-mediated suicidal germination in Striga sp. (2012). (1991). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01807.x, Atsatt, P. R. (1977). Annu. Breeding for broomrape resistance stands out as the most economic, easy to adopt and environmentally friendly practice. Annu. 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.004 ): defence reactions and mechanisms of resistance. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/broomrape, Illinois Wildflowers - One-Flowered Broomrape, University of California - Branched Broomrape. Some of the strategies discussed in previous sections such as biological control maintain their control action at post-attachment stages and will not be discussed again in this section. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. (2012). doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers189, Lee, J. You could plant non-host crops for 20 years, but then when you plant tomatoes, branched broomrape could emerge again, Hanson said. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 67, 141148. Weed Sci. Plants (Basel). doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x. On the contrary, they must be highly susceptible, as the farmer is the one with the role of stopping the parasitic process by harvesting the catch crop as a green vegetable before the parasite emerges. A number of broomrape species are serious agricultural threats. Weed Res. N-substituted phthalimides as plant bioregulants. However, seven broomrape species, Orobanche crenata, O. cernua, O. cumana, O. foetida, O. minor, Phelipanche aegyptiaca, and P. ramosa have specialized on attacking crops causing trouble in agriculture along Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia (Parker, 2009). Gworgwor, N. A., and Weber, H. C. (1991). As a nurse plant, the bursage provides protection from hungry animals, shade from the relentless sun and additional nutrients and water that collect under the plant. The capacity of P. orobanchia to reduce broomrape populations is limited by cultural practices and antagonists (Klein and Kroschel, 2002; Aly, 2007). The plants begin to appear aboveground in February, but the majority of emergence occurs during March and April. Purification of pectin methylesterase from Orobanche aegyptiaca. Kuijt, J. Foy, C. L., Jain, R., and Jacobsohn, R. (1989). In addition to the toxic effects on broomrape seed and seedling, fertilization can protect crops from broomrape parasitism by means of down-regulating the crop synthesis and exudation of strigolactones, the most potent germination-inducing factors for broomrape. Agroecology 3, 174. Cell wall-degrading enzyme in Orobanche aegyptiaca and its host Brassica campestris. 42, 5760. why is closed source software compiled broomrape and bursage relationship. Special interest arises from those metabolites with a favorable pattern of broomrape-specific effect (e.g., tenuazonic acid) and no described side-effect to other biosystems (Vurro et al., 2009). Nitrogen reduces branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) seed germination. In other pathosystems, amino acids such as D-L--amino-n-butyric acid or L-methionine induce resistance in crop plants against pathogen attack. It is best recognized by its yellow-to-straw coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white or blue, snapdragon-like flowers. Isr. Phytochemistry 32, 13991402. 36, 113121. Role of the sucrose synthase encoding PrSus1 gene in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel). J. Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). Prez-de-Luque, A., Fondevilla, S., Prez-Vich, B., Aly, R., Thoiron, S., Simier, P., et al. It cost around $6,000 an acre.. Sci. Soc. Pest Manag. Effect of amino acid application on induced resistance against citrus canker disease in lime plants. Westwood, J. H., dePamphilis, C. W., Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Honaas, L. A., Timko, M. P., et al. Isr. Agric. 3585999. Edits and additions by Ann Filmer, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis; August 14, 2019. doi: 10.1038/374220a0, Joel, D. M., and Losner-Goshen, D. (1994). Several toxins have been identified with inhibitory activity on broomrape parasitism by interfering with broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Vurro et al., 2009; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.68120. This parasitic weed, unable to produce its own chlorophyll, survives only by attaching to the roots of a host plant, often with severe consequences. doi: 10.1002/ps.1713. Thorie Elmentaire de la Botanique. Sauerborn, J., Linke, K. H., Saxena, M. C., and Koch, W. (1989). In addition, the parasitic-specific receptor KAI2d that enables host detection in broomrapes has recently been identified. Resistance of red clover (Trifolium pratense) to the root parasitic plant Orobanche minor is activated by salicylate but not by jasmonate. In vitro treatments of a large range of sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Hershenhorn et al., 1998; Plakhine et al., 2001). (2012). The promotion of germination of dormant weed seeds by substituted phthalimides and gibberellic acid. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0385, Drr, I., and Kollmann, R. (1995). Sci. The new nomenclature of Orobanche and Phelipanche. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00771.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2009a). The broomrape seed bank efficiency to initiate parasitism can be reduced by incorporation to the soil of several pathogens able to infect preattached broomrape stages such as Fusarium sp. cybill shepherd and christine baranski relationship; population of western australia 2021; duaa karim net worth (863) 213-1356; timeshare lawyers florida; Select Page. Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsks.) The Effect of 10 Crop Plants That Served as Hosts on the Primary Metabolic Profile of the Parasitic Plant. (2008). (2015). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0629, Johnson, A. W., Rosebery, G., and Parker, C. (1976). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 20, 471478. 155, 728734. doi: 10.1023/B:GROW.0000038242.77309.73, Goldwasser, Y., Kleifeld, Y., Golan, S., Bargutti, A., and Rubin, B. (2012). Therefore broomrape seeds timely gain sensitivity for host chemodetection by means of conditioning (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996). Germination stimulants of Phelipanche ramosa in the rhizosphere of Brassica napus are derived from the glucosinolate pathway. Another strategy to induce suicidal germination of broomrape seed bank could be the use of gibberellin agonists. The site is secure. Potential trap crops have been suggested for broomrape weeds (Parker and Riches, 1993). Metabolism during preconditioning and germination of Orobanche aegyptiaca, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research: Biology and management of Orobanche, eds A. H. Pieterse, J. Recent approaches for chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp.) Dev. A variety of methods have been developed to specifically neutralize broomrape pre-attached development though the majority of them are not commercially implemented because they are still at the stage of development or have not proved enough efficiency or applicability for large scale crops. Technol. doi: 10.1006/anbo.2001.1520, Labrousse, P., Delmail, D., Arnaud, M. C., and Thalouarn, P. (2010). Mol. The majority of strategies aimed to manage autotrophic weeds do not necessarily work for broomrapes and those that provide a degree of success for broomrape need to be optimized for each broomrape-crop species combination, local environmental conditions and broomrape population. Plant Sci. 112, 297308. A member of the tropical Silky Flycatcher family, males are a shiny black and females a charcoal grey. Germination ecophysiology, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 195219. Zhang, Y., Luc, J. E., and Crow, W. T. (2010). doi: 10.1007/s11103-008-9429-y. Pest Manag. Sci. Therefore, it may be possible to achieve broomrape control by fooling the parasite with the delivering to the soil of synthetic analogs of the original host-derived germination-inducing factors such as strigolactones (Johnson et al., 1976). 101, 13941399. However, the efficacy of these molecules has been proved only in laboratory essays. Germination of Orobanche seeds: some aspects of metabolism during preconditioning, in Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, eds R. H. Ellis, M. Black, A. J. Murdoch, and T. D. S. Hing (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers), 633639. (1980). 52, 8386. Commercially available as Bion, field doses of 0.8 kg ha1 are recommended to inhibit P. ramosa parasitism in hemp and tobacco (Gonsior et al., 2004), crops for which resistant varieties are not available. Both have red eyes and a feathery crest. Dormancy and germination of Orobanche seeds in relation to control methods, in Proceedings of a Workshop in Wageningen: Biology and Control of Orobanche, ed. Delayed sowing date is a traditional method that can show high degree of success on inhibiting parasitism if implemented correctly (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Rubiales et al., 2003a; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Grenz et al., 2005). Funct. (2007a). orthoceras, a potential mycoherbicide, parasitizes seeds of Orobanche cumana (Sunflower broomrape): a cytological study. The significance of this structure in broomrape parasitism requires further investigation. Once in the parasite system, sucrose is not accumulated but metabolized to other compounds. Minimum tillage reduces the amount of viable seeds incorporated in the soil and then their capacity to reach the crop root system (Ghersa and Martinez-Ghersa, 2000; Lpez-Bellido et al., 2009). Res. Food Chem. Nat. (A) Fructification and dehiscence of capsules containing mature seeds; (B) microscopic view of a seed (size ranging 0.22 mm) that undergoes sucessive dispersal, primary dormancy and annual release of secondary dormancy; (C) broomrape embryo does not develop morphologycaly identified cotyledons or shoot meristem and upon host-induced germination, only a radicle emerges from the seed with the function of searching and contacting the host root; (D) upon haustorial induction, the radicle stops elongating and a single terminal haustorium is differentiated. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00702.x. Pest Manag. Food Chem. J. This approach is based on the selection of naturally occurring mutants that overproduce and excrete an enhanced amount of specific amino acid with broomrape inhibition properties on seed germination and radicle growth (Vurro et al., 2006; Sands and Pilgeram, 2009). A swelling of the host root at the penetration point is also observed due the parasitic stimulation of host tissue proliferation; (G) tubercle develops a crown of adventicious roots; (H) tubercle differentiates apical shoot meristem (single shoot meristem for Orobanche species and several shoot meristems for Phelipanche species); (I) the underground shoot eventually emerges through the root surface; (J) flowering and pollination occur.