[6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. He brought Pompeii under siege. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. Wikipedia entry. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. In . [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Examples include journal articles, reviews . Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Categories . [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. A primary source (also called original . Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. Copyright statement. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? Primary sources are original . They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. Websites. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. Making of America. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. Primary Sources Sallust. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. . As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. Encyclopedias. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. . onwards. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . Guide. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. Website. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Tweet. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius.
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